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　　从2002年起，研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等根底知识的考察，将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考察并不意味着英语语法等根底知识的不重要。

　　依据以往的湖南大学成考英语获得高分同学的经历和海文英语教导名师的主张，他们都共同以为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要根底，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的概括考察，但更要害的是学好此部分有助于对英语语句结构的剖析和了解，有助于学生把握灵敏多变的句式，这样不只要助于学生做好阅览了解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。因而，咱们在此编写了有关要点语法的知识点，并将连续登出，一起将刊登一些试题。期望同学们仔细把握，切不可因不靠它们而忽视了对英语根底知识的把握。

　　(一)神态动词

　　一、神态动词的现在完结式的用法

　　神态动词现在完结式首要有两个功用：标明现已发作的状况和标明虚拟口气。在这两个方面must/mustn‘t，;can/cann’t;need/needn‘t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn‘t;should/shouldn’t;

　　ougtht等神态动词+完结式标明的意思是有必定差异的

　　1.标明现已发作的状况。

　　1)must have+曩昔分词，标明对已发作状况的必定估测，译为“(昨日)必定……”。如：

　　My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room， for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right?”

　　[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be

　　(答案为C)

　　2)can‘t / couldn’t have+曩昔分词，标明对已发作状况的否定估测，译为“(昨日)必定没……”。如：

　　Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

　　[A] couldn‘t have received [B] ought to have received

　　[C] has received [D] shouldn‘t have received

　　(答案为A)

　　3)may / might have +曩昔分词，标明对已发作的作业做不必定、或许性很小的估测，或事实上底子没发作，译为“或许……”。如：

　　At Florida Power‘s Crystal River plant， a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

　　2.标明虚拟口气。

　　1) needn‘t have + 曩昔分词，标明做了不必做的事，相当于“didn’t need to do”，译为“其实没必要……”。如：

　　You needn‘t have come over yourself.

　　As it turned out to be a small house party， we so formally.

　　[A] needn‘t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up

　　[C] did not need dress up [D] needn‘t have dressed up

　　(没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的主张，实践成果是否真的穿的很正式没有确认，答案为D)

　　2)should have +曩昔分词，标明应该做某事但实践上未做，译为“本应该……”should not + have曩昔分词标明本不应该做某事但实践上做了，译为“本不应该……”。如：

　　I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

　　我原本应该事前仔细地把每件作业规划的很好，但实践上作者仍是没有规划好，以致作业没有完结。

　　3) ought to have +曩昔分词，标明动作按理该发作了，但实践上未发作，译为“该……”，与should 的完结式含义类似。如：

　　The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock， which went up in smoke .

　　4) could have +曩昔分词，标明曩昔原本能够做但却未做，译为“彻底能够……”。这点与ought/should/ have +曩昔分词用法类似。如：

　　What you said is right， but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

　　5) may/ might have +曩昔分词，标明曩昔能够做但实践未做，译为“(那样)或许会……”。如：

　　It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

　　二、几个神态动词常考的句型：

　　1) may/might (just) as well “无妨，最好”，与had better附近;

　　Since the flight was cancelled， you might as well go by train.

　　已然航班现已取消了，你无妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train.

　　2) cannot / can‘t…too …“越……越好，怎样也不过火”。留意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：

　　You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时分，越当心越好。

　　The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

　　3) usedn‘t 或did’t use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。

　　4) should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研纲要还规定要把握其“居然”的意思。如：I didn‘t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法幻想他居然这样做。

　　三、神态动词被迫联系的自动表达法

　　1. want， require， worth(形容词)后边接doing也能够标明被迫含义。

　　Your hair wants cutting

　　The book is worth reading

　　The floor requires washing.

　　2.need既能够用need to be done 也能够运用need doing ，两种方式都表达被迫的含义

　　The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

　　The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

　　(二) 形容词、副词及比较级第一流

　　一、形容词的润饰与方位

　　一般来说，从构词法视点来看，后缀“ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ly‘结束的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要留意;形容词一般能够在语句中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在语句中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在润饰时分有必定的特别性要引起我们的留意，下面做了一下概括：

　　1.以-ly结束的是形容词而不是副词：

　　costly 贵重的 lonely 孤单的

　　deadly 死一般的 lively 生动的

　　friendly 友爱的 silly 傻气的

　　kindly 热心肠的 likely 或许的

　　leisurely 清闲的 ugly 长得丑的

　　brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的

　　earthly 尘世的

　　2.只作以“a”最初的许多形容词只能做表语：

　　afraid 惧怕的 alike 相象的

　　awake 醒着的 alone 独自的，专一的

　　alive 活着的 ashamed 惭愧的

　　asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的

　　well 健康的 content 满足的

　　unable 无能的

　　3.只作前置定语的形容词

　　earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后边的

　　golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里边的

　　silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的

　　wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的

　　woolen 毛织的 former 上一任的 mere 仅，只不过

　　only 专一的 sheer 朴实的 very 刚好的

　　little 小的 live 活的

　　4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，留意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：

　　remain keep become， get， grow， go， come， turn， stay， stand， run， prove， seem， appear， look.

　　如：All those left undone may sound great in theory， but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.

　　二、形容词与副词的比较级与第一流

　　1. 考比较级时，考生应把握：

　　1)形容词和副词比较级的方式是否和比较连词对应呈现，即是否契合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：

　　Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often ， or better than an actual performance.

　　[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as

　　在这儿as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词一起呈现时分，不能省掉任何一个介词。答案为A

　　On the whole， ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

　　2)比较的成分是否归于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。如：

　　The number of registered participants in this year‘s marathon was half .

　　[A] of last year‘s [B]those of last year’s

　　[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year‘s

　　(前后比较的应该是本年和上一年注册参与的人数“the number of”故替代它的应该是奇数指示代词“that”，而不能挑选B，those是指代participants，不是同类比照，答案为D.

　　Young readers， more often than not， find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray‘s.

　　3)比较级与倍数词联系及其方位

　　原级结构中可刺进表达倍数的词，标明为“为…。若干倍”，当与有标明倍数比较的词在一起时分等，他们的方位是，倍数词+as…as…，或倍数词+more…than…，但again一般放在原级词之后，即 “as+原级+again+as”。如：

　　Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.

　　[A] seven more times [B] seven times more

　　[C] over seven times [D] seven times

　　(答案为B)

　　“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No， I would gladly have paid for it.”

　　[A] twice so much [B] twice as much

　　[C] as much twice [D] so much twice

　　(答案为B)

　　My uncle is as old again as I am

　　4)下列词和短语不必比较级方式却标明比较概念：

　　inferior， minor， senior， prior， prefer to， superior， major， junior， preferable， differ from， compared with， in comparison with， different from， rather than. 如：

　　Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.

　　[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial

　　(答案为A)

　　Prior to his departure， he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研题)

　　5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever， steadily， daily等副词+比较级”结构标明“越来越……”的意思，与这类结构调配的常用动词有grow， get ，become等。前面两种状况更多地呈现在进行时态中，留意的是这三种状况引导的比较级后边都不需求用than.如：

　　Things are getting worse and worse.

　　As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.

　　Her health was becoming daily worse

　　The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.

　　6)比较级前面能够用even， still， yet ，all the (more)等润饰语用以加强口气，标明“愈加”的意思。如

　　Today it is even colder than yesterday

　　I have yet more exciting news for you

　　7) 有关比较级的特别句型：

　　A)： not so much…as…与其说……不如说……

　　The chief reason for the population growth isn‘t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

　　[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or

　　人口增长的首要原因与其说是因为出生率的前进，还不如说是因为医疗的前进带来的死亡率下降的成果。答案为B

　　B) no/not any more…than…两者相同都不……

　　The heart is intelligent than the stomach， for they are both controlled by the brain.

　　[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more

　　(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑操控。答案为D)

　　There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take， they can limit how much water you drink.

　　[A] much more than [B] no more than

　　[C] no less than [D] any more than

　　(答案为D)

　　C)no/not any less…than…两者相同，都……留意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反

　　She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐相同美丽

　　D)just as… so… 正如……， ……也……(用倒装结构)

　　Just as the soil is a part of the earth， the atmosphere.

　　[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is

　　(答案为C)

　　2.第一流方式应留意的问题：

　　1)第一流比较规模用介词in， over， of， among.

　　in， (all) over用于在某一规模内的比较，如：in China， all over the world.

　　of， among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers， of the four dresses.

　　留意：among…相当于one of …，不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达差异开来

　　如：

　　all visible lights， red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.

　　[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B]

　　2)比较级方式标明第一流含义时，比较目标的规模运用：

　　any other +奇数名词

　　the other +复数名词

　　the others

　　anyone/anything else

　　上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成第一流含义的要害词语，切不可遗失，尤其是other，否则会形成逻辑紊乱的过错。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.留意与汉语表达的不同。

　　3)most能够用来润饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，用法差异单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：a most interesting book， most expensive restaurants， 要留意与 “the +形容词第一流+of + 名词”的结构标明的第一流的差异，如：

　　He spoke in the warmest of voices

　　They have been most kind to me

　　Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.

　　Chinese is the most difficult of language

　　Chinese is a most difficult language

　　三、不必比较级和第一流的形容词：

　　1)标明色彩的有：white， black

　　2)标明形状的有：round， square， oval， circular， triangular(三角形)，level

　　3)标明性质和特征的有：atomic， economic， scientific， sonic， golden， silvery， woolen， earthen， silent， full， empty， sure， dead， deaf， blind， lame， rainy

　　4)标明状况作表语的有：afraid， asleep， alive， ashamed， alone， aware， alike

　　5)标明时刻、空间和方位的有：daily， weekly， monthly， annual， present， front， back， forward， backward， east， west， south， north， left， right， final

　　6)标明极限、主次、等级的有：maximum， minimum， utmost， main， major， chief minor， superior， inferior， senior， junior， super， favorite

　　7)含有必定概念的有：absolute， entire， whole， total， perfect， excellent， thorough， complete.

　　四、平行结构与比较级

　　平行结构许多状况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或许暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如：

　　The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.

　　大多数状况下平行结构都是具有必定的比较含义的，有的是递进比照not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类比照：and ;but;or;both… and…;either…or…; neither…nor………

　　平行结构测验时分留意以下几点：

　　1.留意比较结构中比较较的内容在语法方式上是否相同。如：

　　It is better to die one‘s feet than .

　　[A]living on one‘s knees [B]live on one’s knees

　　[C]on one‘s knees [D]to live on one’s knees

　　(答案为D)

　　Despite the temporary difficulties， the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

　　2.其他具有并排或比较含义的短语也可引导平行结构。

　　1)rather than， let alone 虽不是并排连词，但在结构上衔接两个语法方式相同的成分。如：

　　We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.

　　[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than

　　答案为A

　　For the new country to survive， for its people to enjoy prosperity， new economic policies will be required.

　　[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let‘s say

　　(答案为B)

　　2)假如平行的两个成分在方式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省掉。如：

　　At times， more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

　　(三)代词及其指代共同

　　一、代词的指代

　　1.that的指代效果

　　that指代不可数名词和奇数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后边一般跟有润饰语，如呈现在比较结构中的that of.如

　　Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener， and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这儿that指代前面的the role.

　　No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

　　2.one的指代效果

　　one指代带不定冠词的奇数可数名词，复数为ones.the one指代带定冠词的奇数可数名词。如：

　　A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

　　[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

　　答案为[C]

　　3.do的替代效果。

　　do替代动词，留意数和时态的改动。如：

　　For him to be re-elected， what is essential is not that his policy works ， but that the public believe that it does.

　　二、代词指代共同问题

　　代词指代共同是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否共同，或许所照顾的名词词组在某些方面保持共同。

　　Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm， and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

　　这儿he指代前面的person.

　　It was during the 1920‘s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

　　这儿its指代前面的两人的friendship.

　　Our department was monitored by two supervisors， Bill and me.

　　这儿me有必要用宾格方式。

　　代词指代共同有必要留意以下几个准则和规则：

　　1.附近和接近准则

　　由either … or， neither…nor， not only…but (also)衔接先行词时分，假如两个先行词在数和性上保持共同，就用其相应的一向的人称代词;假如两个先行词在数或性上不共同，人称代词一般与附近的先行词在数和性上保持共同。

　　Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

　　Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

　　If either David or Janet comes ， he or she will want a drink

　　2.当each， everyone， everybody， no one ，none ，anybody， someone， somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时分，或许anything， nothing， something everything等不定代词作主语时分，其相应的代词一般依照语法共同准则，采纳奇数方式。如：

　　Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

　　None of the boys can do it ， can he?

　　Everything is ready， isn‘t it“

　　3.当主语为复数方式，后跟each作同位语时，假如each坐落动词之前，这以后的代词或相应的限定词用复数方式;假如 each坐落动词之后，这以后的代词或相应的限定词用奇数方式。如：

　　They each have two coats

　　we are each responsible for his own family

　　4.由and衔接两个先行词，代词用复数

　　如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

　　(三) 主谓共同问题

　　主谓共同是指主语与谓语在数上要共同。把握主谓共同问题，考生首要处理的是对不同结构的主语单复数的确定，从而挑选恰当的谓语。处理主谓共同首要遵从三个准则：

　　语法共同准则

　　含义共同准则

　　就近共同准则

　　许多状况下应该概括利用这三个准则来处理主谓共同，在不同状况下或许运用三个准则中的不同准则，详细运用哪种准则应该视详细状况而定。总结如下：

　　一、谓语动词用奇数的状况

　　1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用奇数。

　　如：

　　Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

　　(1987年考研题)

　　To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

　　2.标明时刻、间隔、金额、分量、面积、体积、容积等衡量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用奇数。

　　Two weeks was too long

　　Five times five makes twenty five

　　3.一般用and衔接的两个单词或短语做主语时分，谓语用复数，可是下面用and衔接的主语标明一个概念，谓语用奇数：

　　law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

　　a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

　　the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 重复测验，不断探索

　　horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 年月

　　bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落

　　如： If law and order not preserved， neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

　　A. is B. are C. was d. were

　　答案：A.

　　4.标明学科和某些疾病称号的名词是复数方式，作主语时分谓语动词用奇数方式

　　Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

　　5.有些名词方式上是复数，含义上是奇数，依据含义共同准则动词用奇数

　　The chaos was stopped by the police

　　The news is a great encouragement to us

　　A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.

　　6.用and 衔接的成份标明一个单一概念时分，动词谓语用奇数方式

　　Bread and butter is our daily food

　　Time and tide waits for no man

　　二、谓语用复数状况

　　1. 由and， both …and， 衔接的并排主语，和both ，a few， many ，several 等润饰语后边谓语动词一般用复数方式。

　　Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.

　　2.团体名词police， public， militia， cattle ，class ，youth后常用复数方式的动词

　　The Chinese people are brave and hardworking

　　The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

　　3.当标明民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数方式

　　The Japanese were once very aggressive

　　4.某些形容词前面加定冠词标明一类人，做主语时分，谓语动词用复数

　　The rich are not always selfish

　　5.不可数名词作主语，其前有标明数量的复数名词润饰时，谓语动词用复数

　　Three million tons of coal were exported that year

　　三、谓语动词可用奇数，也能够用复数的状况

　　1. 就近共同准则

　　这种状况下，谓语动词运用奇数仍是复数取决于最接近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种状况的首要由以下几种或许：

　　1) 由连词 either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…;not only…but (also) ;or 等衔接的并排主语

　　Neither money nor fame has influence on me

　　Not only you but also he is wrong

　　2) 在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后边的第一个主语共同

　　Blocking the open-sided porch， framed by the enveloping fog， stands a tall grave-faced policeman.

　　Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.

　　Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair， there has been improvement in the facili

　　2. 主语带有(together/along)with， such as， accompanied by， as well as， no less than， except， besides， with， combined with， in addition to ， including， together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响依然与主语保持共同

　　Professor Taylor ， with six of his students ，is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.

　　The president of the college， together with the deans， is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研题)

　　3.联系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词共同。如：

　　Despite much research， there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

　　(1996年考研题)

　　There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for， but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

　　(1990年考研题)

　　4.一些标明数量的短语与名词连用时分，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用奇数。这些短语包含：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth…) of; eighty(ten， twenty…) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等

　　Two-thirds of people present are women

　　Lots of damage was caused by the fire

　　5.团体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语标明的意思和数，当标明全体时分，谓语动词就用奇数，当着重团体中的个别时分，谓语动词就用复数。这些团体名词如：army， audience， band ，government ，group ，flock， police， public ，staff ，team ，troop. Crowd， firm， family 等等

　　The family is the basic unit of our society

　　The family were watching the TV

　　The audience was enormous

　　The audience were greatly moved at the words

　　6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数：

　　第一组：

　　a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

　　a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

　　the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数

　　第二组;

　　the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

　　each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

　　neither/either of + 可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

　　one and a half + 可数名词复数 谓语用奇数

　　第三组;

　　more than one + 可数名词奇数 谓语用奇数

　　many a + 可数名词奇数 谓语用奇数

　　第四组;

　　the greater part of

　　a large proportion of

　　50% of

　　one third of

　　plenty of

　　the rest of

　　谓语的数与of 后边的名词共同

　　第五组;

　　(n)either…(n)or…。

　　not only……… but also ……

　　not ………but ……

　　谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后边部分)共同。

　　留意比较：

　　More students than one have been referred to

　　More than one student is going to buy this book

　　(四)倒装结构

　　倒装是指语句成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序摆放，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手法，意图是为了着重。倒装分为部分倒装和悉数倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应把握什么状况下需求倒装，并对倒装后的语句能够认出来，防止做题时分的盲目和苍茫。

　　一、用悉数倒装的状况

　　悉数倒装一般是存在以下列副词最初的语句中，悉数倒装的办法是把语句的主谓语序倒置过来，把谓语移到主语前面：

　　1)出于修辞需求，标明方向的副词：out， down， in ，up， away， on.如：

　　Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

　　Up went the plane

　　2)出于习惯用法：here， there， now， thus， hence， then.如：

　　Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

　　Here is a ticket for you

　　There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work

　　留意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，假如是人称代词则不需求倒装

　　“ where is the cup?” “Here it is!”

　　Here you are.

　　There he comes.

　　3)有时主语较长，为了使语句平衡，防止虎头蛇尾，主谓要悉数倒装。这种状况多呈现在主系表结构中。如：

　　Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.

　　In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole， but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.

　　二、选用部分倒装状况

　　部分倒装一般是把语句谓语的一部分(首要是助动词或系动词)放到语句主语前，构成部分倒装，而悉数倒装则把语句的谓语(包含实义动词)都放在主语前

　　1.下列否定词及含有否定含义的词组润饰状语时，若置于句首，语句的主谓要部分倒装，：

　　never， no， neither， not only， hardly， scarcely， little， seldom， rarely， not until， nowhere， at no time， on no account， in no respect， in no sense， by no means， in vain， still less.如：

　　Not only is its direct attack on their discipline， it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.

　　Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

　　(1985年考研题)

　　注：1)假如谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需依据人称和时态加助动词do.如：

　　Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.

　　(1983年考研题)

　　2)考生要广义了解“句首”的概念，留意从句的句首和并排分句的句首均为句首。如：

　　Suddenly， Gallup‘s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment， but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.

　　2.以only润饰状语(副词，介词短语，状语从句)最初的语句，语句的主谓要部分倒装：

　　only then， only at that time， only once， only in this way， only with， only through， only by， only when， only after， only because.如：

　　Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.

　　[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can

　　3.以下列副词或短语最初的语句，语句的主谓要部分倒装：

　　often， so， well， to such a degree， to such an extent， to such extremes， to such a point， many a time.如：

　　So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

　　[A]became the children [B]become the children

　　[C]had the children become [D]do the children become

　　(2001年考研题，答案为D)

　　4.比较从句的倒装：

　　as， than引导的比较从句中，假如主语是名词短语且较长，常常选用倒装结构(不倒装也能够)。留意：这种结构主语一般为名词，假如是代词则不倒装。如：

　　Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

　　Today‘s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.

　　Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

　　5.用于前面所说的状况也适用于另一人(物)的必定句或否定句中的倒装

　　1) 必定重复倒装用：so

　　They have got up， and so has jack

　　2) 否定重复倒装用：nor， neither， no more

　　If you don‘t agree to our plan， neither will they

　　6.“not only……but also”结构时，假如not only 放在句首，则前半句but (also)语句后边不倒装

　　Not only did we lose all our money， but we also came close to being broke.

　　三、特别的倒装结构

　　特别方式的倒装结构是指语句虽然是倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而往往是出于着重的需求，把着重部分移到句首，而其它部分次序不需求改动，语句主谓不需求倒装。呈现这样的状况有以下几种或许：

　　1.退让从句的倒装。

　　1) as引导退让状语从句，有必要选用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被着重的内容置于句首。如：

　　Much as I have traveled， I have never seen anyone to equal her， in thoroughness， whatever the job.

　　Brave as they are， they are afraid of fight

　　2) 呈现在句型be+主语+其他，come what may中。如：

　　While it‘s true that we all need a career， preferably a profitable one， it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

　　The business of each day selling goods or shipping them， went quite smoothly.

　　[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was (答案为B)

　　3) no matter how(who…);however引导的退让状语从句有必要选用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被着重的内容置于句首。如：

　　No matter how busy he is ， he has to attend the meeting

　　However cold it is ， he always goes swimming.

　　语法测验

　　1. She said that she __ much progress since she came here.

　　A. makes B. made C. have made D had made

　　2. “What‘s the matter， Ali? You look sad."

　　“Oh， nothing much. As a matter of fact， I my friends back home."

　　A. just thought B. have just been thinking

　　C. was just thinking D. have just thought

　　3. She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.

　　A. will be working B. worked

　　C. has been working D. will have worked

　　4. The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.

　　A. has investigated B.investigates

　　C. will have investigated D. investigated

　　5. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9：30.

　　A.must have looked after B. would have to look after

　　C. had to look after D. should have looked after

　　6. four years since John left school.

　　A. They have been B. It is C. It was D. Those are

　　7.The car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.

　　A. has gone B. has not gone

　　C will be going D. has been going

　　8. By the time you arrive in London， we __ in Europe for two weeks.

　　A. shall stay B. have stayed

　　C. will have stayed D. have been staying

　　9. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed .

　　A. had produced B. have been produced

　　C. would have produced D. had been produced

　　10. The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night， so the vice-president is going to instead.

　　A. is to meet B. was to meet

　　C. has been to meet D. was to have met

　　语法测题答案与详解

　　1.(D) 依据时态共同的准则，直接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态共同。该句中said是曩昔时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用曩昔的某一种时态，而从句中since引导的时刻状语从句标明其应为完 成时态，故运用曩昔完结时态。

　　2.(C) 经过上下文能够断定Ali看起来很难过很悲伤，是因为刚才在进行的作业所导致的，所以用曩昔进行时较好，故(C)是正确答案。

　　3.(C) 依据句意和时刻状语for twenty minutes，能够判别这儿应填入现在完结时态，现在完结进行时是现在完结时态的着重方式，而且选项中没有现在完结时态，所以(C)是正确答案。

　　4.(A) 句意标明委员会是在查询工作之后才会做出决议，查询应发作在决议之前，所以运用将来完结时态，可是在英语中，时刻条件状语从句中的将来完结时态是由现在完结时来标明的，所以正确答案是(A)。

　　5.(C) 从上下文的逻辑含义看，(C)项是仅有的正确答案。Carey没有参与晚会，原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)标明对曩昔发作的作业依据客观状况作出片面揣度：(A)作“准是看孩子了”讲;(D)作 “本应该看孩子”讲，都不对，而(B)标明动作发作在曩昔的将来，也不对，所以只要(C)正确。

　　6.(B) 这是一个固定结构(或句型)。本句也可说在"Four years have passed since John left school.“或”has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1.‘’

　　7.(C) until引导的时刻状语从句用了一般现在时标明将来的意思，主句因而有必要用一般将来时与之照应，白话中常用将来进行时替代一般将来时标明意料行将发作或必定发作的事，也可标明某件事现已决议了。本句彻底能够用will go 因而，正确答案是(C)。 .

　　8.(C) by the time引导的时刻状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时，则主句要用将来完结时;若谓语动词用曩昔时，则主句要用曩昔完结时，有时也能够用曩昔将来完结时。这样，本道题意图正确答案是(C)。

　　9.(D) 有详细标明曩昔某一时刻段内业已发作的工作的时刻状语，语句应该用曩昔完结时。

　　10.(B) 由第一个语句中的but引导的转机句中所用的曩昔时，能够判别总统本要在机场接见代表团，标明方案要做某事在英语中能够用be+动词不定式来表达，故正确答案是(B)。