一、从句：
考试涉及到的从句主要有四种，分别是定语从句、状语从句（特别是让步状语从句），宾语从句和主语从句。下面分别给同学们提示一些需要注意的问题。
1．定语从句
定语从句又分限制性和非限制性定语从句。考生要特别注意非限制定语从句的用法。从形式上看，限制性定语从句由who ,whom ,whose ,which ,that 等关系代词或when ,why, where等关系副词引导，不用逗号把主句和从句分开。而非限制性定语从句中不会出现that，而且要用逗号把主句和从句分开。
1）An old friend from abroad, _____ I was expecting to stay with，telephoned me from the airport .
A. that
B. whom
C. who
D. Which
这是一个非限制性定语从句，正确答案是B，因为此处的whom 是stay with 的逻辑宾语。
2）The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.
A. them
B. that
C. which
D. those
正确答案为C。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词前面可能会有介词，在介词前面还可能有其它限定词，这就更复杂一些，需特别注意。
2．状语从句
状语从句有很多种，让步状语从句是个难点。让步状语从句主要由以下一些词或词组引导：though, although, even if, even though, whether…or…, no matter wh-(或how), whatever(whoever, whichever等)。
1） _____，you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.
A. No matter whomever you are
B. In whomever you are
C. Whoever you are
D. No matter who are you
四个选择项中，A中的Whomever多了ever，B项中in whomever部分格式不对，D项的语序不对，只有C是正确的。
2）Young _____ he is, he knows what is a right thing to do.
A. that
B. as
C. although
D. however
正确答案是B。as也可以引导让步状语从句，但通常把被强调的形容词或副词等放在句首。
3．宾语从句
宾语从句比较简单，它在主从复合句中充当宾语成份，通常可以由that，if, whether及what引导。使用宾语从句时应注意的是，有时可以设it为形式宾语，真正宾语是后边的从句。
例：I always take it for granted that I am far more intelligent than he is.句子的it指代的是后边that从句的内容。
4．主语从句
主语从句在主从复合句中充当主语，可以引导主语从句的词有what, that以及who, why, where, when等连接代词或连接副词。为避免头重脚轻，特别是在口语中，通常设it为形式主语，与下边这些结构连用。
It is a pity that … It is an honor that …
It is a shame that …It is a good thing that …
It is a fact that … It is a surprise that …
以及
It is strange that …It is surprising that …
It is true that … It is fortunate that …
It is necessary that … It is possible(impossible)that …
1）It is desirable that he _____.
A．gives up trying
B. give up trying
C. would give up trying
D. is going to give up trying
答案B。本句也是一种虚拟语气句。
2） _____ I saw was two men crossing the street.
A. What
B. Whom
C. Who
D. That
答案为A。
从句专项练习：
1. ____________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
2. He works too hard. That is __________ is wrong with him.
A. that which B. that what C. what D. the thing what
3. He asked her ___________ she thought she could manage to come the Wednesday of the following week.
A. what B. that C. if D. as
4. Jack could ask for leave on condition _____________ he was really ill.
A. for that B. that C. of which D. in which
5. He spoke confidently, ___________ impressed me most.
A. so that B. that C. it D. which
6. People are still talking about the historic event of years ago, ____________ man walked in space for the first time.
A. when B. how C. because D. while
7. It wasn’t such a good dinner _________ she had promised us.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
8. __________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
9. They decided to chase the cow away ___________ it did more damage.
A. unless B. until C. before D. after
10. I’ll accept any job _________ I don’t have to get up early.
A. lest B. as long as C. in case D. though
练习答案：
01-05：CCCBD 06-10：ACCCB
二、倒装句：
1. 否定词放置句首时, 助动词或be 动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装. 常用的否定词有：not, scarcely, barely, seldom, not until, little, (in)under no circumstance, by no means, no sooner… than)。
Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up.
A. that he stopped
B. does he stopped
C. did he stop
D. that he stopped
答案为C。
2．Only＋adv. 句子要倒装。
1）Only under such a condition will he make steady progress.
只有在这样的条件下，他才会取得扎实的进步。
3. nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。
So little _____ about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.
A. did I know
B. I had known
C. I knew
D. was I know
答案为A。
4. 虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。
_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.
A. If I realized
B. Had I realized
C. Did I have realized that
D. As I realized
答案为B。
三、强调句：
强调句句型
我们这里主要讲陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
他是昨天碰见的李平。
注意：
1. 构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
2. not … until … 句型的强调句
句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
3. 谓语动词的强调
1）It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2）注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
四、主谓一致：
一致性是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面的相互一致关系。我们这里主要讲主语和谓语的一致。
需要注意以下几点：
1. 集合名词作主语时
如表示整体概念，谓语动词须用单数；如表示成员，谓语动词须用复数。例如：
The family were watching TV. 全家人在看电视。
My family is a big one. 我家人口多。
常见的这类名词还有army, audience, class, club, crew, crowd, committee, company, couple, group, government, party, staff, school, team, union, public等。
有些集合名词（如people, police, youth 等）谓语动词须用复数。如：
The police were tracking the murderer. 警察正在追踪凶手。
2. 数词和表示时间、度、量、温度、钱额等名词作主语表示一定的量或总和时，谓语动词多半用单数形式。如：
Three hours is enough for us to perform this experiment. 我们做这个实验有三个小时就足够了。
That five thousand dollars is yours.那五千美金是你的。
3. 在“one of + 复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句一般修饰复数名词，所以该从句的谓语动词要用复数。如：
This is one of the longest rivers that have ever been seen.这是曾见过的最长的河流之一。
He is one of my friends who are lawyers.我是我当律师的朋友中的一个。
4. 由合成代词some (any, no, every) + thing (body, one) 作主语，由代词each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other 作主语，以及由限定词either, neither, each, every, many a, more than one 等+名词作主语时，谓语动词均用单数形式。如：
Noboday knows how many stars there are in the sky.谁都不知道天上有多少星星。
Neither answer is correct.两个答案都不对。
5. 某些连词连接的名词或代词作主语：根据毗邻一致的原则，与邻近的主语一致。这类连词包括or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等。如：
Neither I nor she was awarded the prize.我和她都没有获奖。
在there be 存在句中，多数情况下也可根据毗邻一致的原则来决定谓语动词用单数还是复数。如：
There are three patients in the waiting room.候诊室里有三个病人。
There is a doctor and two nurses in the clinic.诊所里有一个医生和两个护士。
五、综合实例分析：
1. You ought _____ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.
A. to report
B. to have reported
C. to reporting
D. have reported
答案：B。本句测试情态动词ought to＋完成时，表示应当做的事情而没有做。本句的意思是：“前天你应当向经理汇报这件事情。”因此B为正确答案。
2. We look forward to _____ to the opening ceremony.
A. invite
B. be invited
C. having been invited
D. being invited
答案：D。look forward to短语中的to是介词，因此其后要接动名词做宾语，又根据题意，要用动名词的被动。本句的意思是：“我们都盼望着能被邀请参加开幕式。
3. I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.
A. when
B. during which
C. which
D. in which
答案：C。该题是定语从句。关系代词which在定语从句中做动词spent的宾语。
4. Not until most of the people had left the airport _____ his sister was there.
A. that he saw
B. had he seen
C. did he see
D. that he had seen
答案：C。not until 放在句首，句子倒装。又如：Not until he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.李明做完作业后才看电视。
5. It is because she is very devoted to her students _____ she is respected by them.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. who
答案：A。本句为强调句型。It is(was)…that/who；who（只能强调人）；that（可强调人和物）因为本句是强调原因，所以只能选择A。又如：It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting.就在明天他们要开会。(强调时间状语) It is they who(that)will have a meeting tomorrow.就是他们明天要开会。（强调人，可以用who或that）
6. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
A. were
B. would be
C. had been
D. will be
答案：C。wish 后面的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。与现在的事实相反（用过去时）：I wish I were you .但愿我是你多好啊！与过去的事实相反的愿望（用过去完成时）:I wish he hadn’t made the big mistake.他要是不犯那个大错误， 该有多好！与将来的愿望相反即愿望难以实现（用过去将来时）I wish I could be of more use in the future.我希望我将来有点用处。
7. The fisherman, _____ poor, could not buy another boat.
A. is
B. was
C. being
D. been
答案：C。分词短语作原因状语。本句的意思是“因为穷，这个渔夫买不起另一条船。”Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.因为太生气了，他不能入睡。
总之，语法试题要求考生平常要认真学习语法知识，多看一些例句以增强自身的应试能力。另外答题时要特别注意“语境”，即，读好题干，仔细分析选项，综合做出判断。
湖南成人教育学位英语【语法】重点详细解析（2）：免费下载（word文档）
