湖南成人教育学位英语【阅读理解】
练习和答案解析（3）
（一）Poverty in Different Countries
In the United States during 1992, any family of four with an annual cash income of less than $ 14, 335 (before taxes) was considered poor. The dollar amount was called the poverty line, an economic measuring rod devised in 1964. The line was set at three times the amount needed to provide the cheapest nutritionally balanced diet. The poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation.
While the poverty line in the United States was more than $ 14, 000, the average annual per-person income in Bangladesh was $ 200, in Ethiopia $ 130, in Haiti $340, and In Mali 4 265. Anyone in those nations with an income of $ 14, 000 would be considered wealthy. During the Great Depression in the United States, when half the population was considered poor, a family with an income at the 1992 poverty line could afford to buy a house, a car, clothing and food.
The reality of poverty varies with location and social and political conditions. Poverty basically means a lack of, or an insufficient amount of, the three primary physical needs--- food, clothing, and shelter. But for poverty to be recognized, it must exist alongside prosperity. Before the discovery of the New World, the American Indians would not have considered themselves poor, though they lived with only the bare necessities and a few handmade artifacts(人工制品).
The severity of poverty varies, depending on the economic vitality of the nation in which it occurs. In the modern industrialized societies of Western Europe, North America, and Japan, there are many government services provided to ease poverty --- including free medical care and subsidized housing. The homeless of New York City and Los Angeles can usually find some shelter and a mission offering free meals.
46.You would be considered poor in America if ____.
A.You are out of a job.
B.You earn less than three times the amount needed to provide the cheapest diet.
C.You earn less than $ 14, 335 (before taxes) per year.
D.The amount of money you earn is below the current poverty line.
47.The average annual cash income per person before taxes in the USA in 1992 was ____.
A. more than $ 14, 000
B. $200
C.$14,335
D. about $3,580
48.The purpose of the example of the American Indians given in the 3rd paragraph is to show that poverty is ____.
A. absolute
B. non-existent
C.relative
D. never recognized
49.Free medical care and subsidized housing most probably exist in ___ to relieve the poor and the needy.
A. Bangladesh
B. Haiti
C.Canada
D. India
50. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. From 1929 to 1933, 50% of the American population lived in poverty.
B. Where there is prosperity, there is poverty.
C.Poverty basically refers to a lack of clothing, housing and food.
D.Anyone with an annual income around the 1992 American poverty line would be considered wealthy.
内容提示与分析：本文主要讲述不同国家不同时期的贫困状况。由于科技水平以及生活水平高低不同，不同的国家，甚至同一个国家，不同时期经济状况不同，贫困线也不一样。
（一）答案及分析：
46. A
分析：根据短文第一段的最后两句可知选项C太局限了。因为题目问的是“如果…，在美国你可能被认为是贫穷的”，所以14，335美金并不是唯一的衡量标准，只有D符合题意.
47. A
分析：根据第一段第一句的文意，只有C才符合题目的要求，故答案为C。
48. B
分析：根据文章第三段第一句，“贫穷随着当地的社会和政治条件的不同而不同”，只有relative符合题意，故答案为B。
49. C
分析：根据文章最后一段中的In the modern industrialized societies of Western Europe, North America, and Japan, there are many government services provided to ease poverty --- including free medical care and subsidized housing.，只有Western Europe(西欧)，North America(北美)和Japan(日本)才提供免费的医疗和补助住房，加拿大在北美，故答案为C。
50. D
分析：从文章第二段中的During the Great Depression in the United States, when half the population was considered poor, a family with an income at the 1992 poverty line could afford to buy a house, a car, clothing and food.可以知道A不对。从文章第三段中的But for poverty to be recognized, it must exist alongside prosperity.，可以知道B不对，从文章第三段中的Poverty basically means a lack of, or an insufficient amount of, the three primary physical needs--- food, clothing, and shelter.可以知道C不对，故答案为D。
（二）Teach Your Child to Wonder
Children start out as natural scientists, instinctively eager to investigate the world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easy, there’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment. You only have to share your children’s curiosity. Firstly, listen to their questions. I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a career. The children asked me “textbook questions” about schooling, salary and whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing one another in science. Finally I said, “Now that we’re finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?”
After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “have you ever seen a grasshopper eat? When I try eating leaves like that, I got a stomachache. Why? ”
This began a series of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
Secondly, give them time to think. Studies over the past three decades have shown that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for a response, no time for a child to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children respond with more logical, complete and creative answers.
Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a child engaged in a science discussion, don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good.” These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior. But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going by saying, “That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before,” or coming up with more questions or ideas.
Never urge a child to “Think”. It doesn’t make sense, children are always thinking, without your telling them to. What’s more, this can turn a conversation into a performance. The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few as possible, so he will be a smaller target for your disapproval.
Lastly, show, don’t tell. Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can extract from a book or a television program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass, and they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner. Rather than saying that water evaporates, set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop.
46.In order to arouse children’s interest, the most important things for adults to do is ___.
A.to encourage them by saying “That’s right frequently ”
B.to share their curiosity
C.to explain difficult phrases about science
D.to offer their children lad devices
47.The word “instinctively” in the first line can be replaced by ____.
A.actively
B.passionately
C.impulsively
D.interestingly
48.According to the passage, children can give more logical, complete and creative answers n science discussion if adults ____.
A.give them some hints
B.encourage them by giving them prize
C.urge them to think
D.wait at least for three seconds after a question
49. According to the fifth and sixth paragraphs, we may infer that ___.
A.to praise does good to a child engaged in a science discussion
B.a child will not think unless you urge him to do so
C.more questions or ideas can keep science discussion going well
D.parents’ language can not affect a child’s performance
50.The author mentions all of the following techniques for adults to share with their children’s curiosity except that adults should_____.
A.tell their children stories instead of reciting facts
B.offer their children the chance to see things for themselves
C.be patient enough when their children answer questions
D.encourage their children to ask questions of their own
内容提示与分析：本文介绍如何教会孩子思考，大人应激发他们观察周围世界的兴趣，并与他们分享这种好奇心。文章介绍了五个要点：第一是要倾听他们的问题；第二要给他们思考的时间；第三要注意自己的用语；第四不要刻意鼓励孩子去思考，因为这是没有用的；第五是应通过行动而非言语来使孩子明白道理。
（二）答案及分析：
51. B
分析：从文章第一段第三句You only have to share your children’s curiosity可以知道答案。其他三个选项在文章中没有提到，或与文意相反。故答案为B。
52. C
分析：instinctively的意思是“生来，本能的”，表达了“孩子生来就像科学家”这层含义。故答案为C。
53. D
分析：本题考察的是对段落大意的把握，第四段最后一句When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children respond with more logical, complete and creative answers.整是该段段意，其他三个选项在文章中没有提到。故答案为D。
54. C
分析：文章第五段提到But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going第六段又说不要刻意激励孩子去思考。选项A不对，因为不能单纯的表扬孩子；选项B不对，因为其意义正好与原文相反；选项D不对，因为从第五段可以知道适当的夸奖会起到良好的作用，但要注意方式，故答案为C.
55. A
分析：从上面的提示归纳出的几个要点可以看出，只有A没有谈到，故答案为A.
（三）Mary Katherine Goddard and Declaration of Independence
If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded(宣布，预示)the support of all thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When her proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing The Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore’s first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor’s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard’s name appeared in the newspaper’s masthead (报头) for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore’s only newspaper, which one historian claimed was “second to none among the colonies.” She was also the city’s postmaster from 1775 to 1789 --- appointed by Benjamin Franklin –and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.
46.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
A. The accomplishment of a female publisher.
B. The weaknesses of the newspaper industry.
C. The rights of a female publisher.
D.The publishing system in colonial America.
47.Mary Goddard’s name appears on the Declaration of Independence because____.
A. She helped write the original document
B. She published the document
C. She paid to have the document printed
D.Her brother was in prison
48.According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she ____.
A. was appointed by Benjamin Franklin
B. signed the Declaration of Independence
C. took over her brother’s printing shop
D.moved to Baltimore
49.The word “there” in paragraph 3 refers to____.
A. the colonies
B. the print shop
C. Baltimore
D.Providence
50.It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was ____.
A. an accomplished businesswoman
B. extremely wealthy
C. a member of the Continental Congress
D.a famous writer
内容提示与分析：作为《独立宣言》重签名的唯一女性，玛丽为美国的独立做出了独特的贡献。本文叙述了她一生的经历从偶然进入出版界道到创办巴尔的摩的第一份报纸，从勇敢的印刷第一份官方版本的《独立宣言》到美国历史上首位拥有联邦公职的女性，这些无不显示了她超人的能力与远见，纵览她一生的奋斗史，她的确无愧于“殖民地中第一人”的赞誉。
（三）答案与分析：
56. A
分析：本题考察了对全文的理解。开始从独立宣言的签名引出了玛丽的不平凡，然后介绍她创办报纸，印刷《独立宣言》，最后担任市邮政局局长。文章并没有介绍权力。出版系统的状况，也没有介绍出版工业的状况，故答案为A.
57. B
分析：本题有些隐蔽性。原文第二段最后说While he was in debtor’s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard’s name appeared in the newspaper’s masthead (报头) for the first time.这说明在弟弟入狱后，她代替他继续经营报业，所以应选B，文章根本没有谈到撰写文章，付钱等事，所以A, C不符合题意，而D没有发掘出背后的信息。故答案为B。
58. C
分析：答案为第二段最后一句话，由for the first time可以知道答案，A, B所提到的事是在后期才做的，所以不合适，故答案为C。
59. C
分析：由第一段可以知道，玛丽印刷《独立宣言》，由第二段可以知道，他的印刷工作都在巴而的摩进行。A, B, D在文中都没有提到。故答案为C。
60. A
分析：第一段只是提到她是签名人之一，并没有说她是议员，所以C不对，也不能确定她是不是有钱，有名。从她的行为和成就看，可以肯定的是：她是一位取得了巨大成就的商业女性，故答案为A.
（四）A Good Couple Supports Each Other
Rodney Mace, 35, is married with two young children, and is a part-time teacher of architectural history, “I am constantly surprised by other people’s surprise, when they come to the house and see me cleaning a floor or hanging out the washing. Their eyes open wide at the sight of it! Much of the comment comes from men. But I am even more surprised at the number of women who comment too.”
His wife Jane, an Oxford graduate in modern languages, has a demanding full-time job. She is director of the Cambridge House literacy scheme for adults in South London. Her working week involves several evenings and Saturdays, and at these times her husband is in sole charge of home and family. Apart from this, they share household jobs and employ a child-minder for the afternoons. This enables him to teach two days a week and to do what he considers his principal work: writing. He has written several books and spends much of his time in British Museum Reading Room, cycling there from his home in Brixton.
People ask the Maces if they think their children miss them. One can argue that satisfied parents generally have satisfied children, but in any case the Maces are careful to reserve time and energy to play with their children. “And they have now developed relationships with other adults and children.”
Previously, Rodney Mace worked full-time and Jane only part-time. Then 18 months ago, the director of the literacy scheme left. “It seems to me that Jane was very well suited to do this job. She was very doubtful about it. But I urged her to apply. She did and she got it.” Jane Mace confirms that she needed this encouragement, as so many women initially do,
Did his male ego(自我，自己)suffer from the change-over? Nothing like that occurred. But he still seems amazed at the way it changed his thinking. “I felt that we were finally going to be partners. I felt enormous relief, I wasn’t avoiding responsibility, but changing it. Our relationship is so much better now. It has been a change for the good for both of us – in every aspect, I think it is fundamental that the woman works. The idea of equal partnership is an illusion if one partner doesn’t work.”
1. The article is about a couple whose married life is happier because___.
A.they have a truly equal partnership
B.the husband enjoy staying at home
C.they earn more money
D.the wife has a full-time job
2. Jane finally decided to apply for her present job because____.
A.she thought she had better qualification than others
B.her husband persuaded her to
C.it was very well paid
D.some of her friends encouraged her to
3. It is implied the passage that____.
A.The Maces believe a good career is even more important than their family life
B.Rodney’s children are quite happy with their position in the family
C.Even capable women sometimes need encouragement from their families
D.The practice of sharing household jobs between husband and wife is commonplace in London
4. We can infer from this passage that a changeover of roles in the family ____.
A.is quite necessary in modern life
B.is probably based on some practical reasons
C.aims solely at a complete emancipation of women
D.shows women are not necessarily inferior to men
5. Which of the following statements is true?
A.Most Englishmen think that a husband should do more housework than a wife.
B.In London the traditional idea about the sex role at home has been completely changed.
C.Many Englishmen and Englishwomen still take it for granted that women are mainly in charge of home and family.
D.English people believe that men should take more responsibilities for housework.
（四）答案及分析：
1.A
分析：该题考察考生理解主旨要义的能力。要想答好此题，必须对全文内容有清晰的了解。
2.B
分析：该题考察考生获取具体信息的能力。答案可在倒数第二段中获得。这是本讲当中的重点，大家可以以此题为例体会一下这个题型。只要没有错过具体信息，做到此题时准确找到问题的出处，出错的可能性不大。
3.C
分析：该题考察考生推理，判断的能力。将在下一讲中提到。推理的基础是对全文的正确理解。
4.B
分析：该题还是考察考生的推理判断能力。
5.C
分析：该题还是考察考生的推理判断能力。
【阅读理解】练习和答案解析（3）：免费下载（word文档）
