湖南成人教育学位英语【阅读理解】
阅读方法实例讲解
在阅读文章的过程中要留意文章以及段落的主题句，正确答案的选项往往与主题句或某一部分的中心词有关系。在阅读的过程中，要注意勾划一些词语，比如but，while，however等表转折，not放在句子开头表示强调突出的句子，强调句型，破折号后面的部分(往往表示解释说明)，这些往往都是考点经常出现的地方。
学位英语阅读理解的阅读方法主要有以下几种：
（一） 略读
略读（或称为跳跃式阅读）的重点在于找出一个段落的中心思想。可以运用词汇手段（如词根、前缀、后缀等）、靠上下文猜测词义等方法了解不认识的词汇或句子的含义。在此基础上，一个不容易理解的段落可以通过词汇省略的方法找出其主要的思想或观点。段落的理解在很大程度上取决于对其中句子的理解。英语中由于存在许多从句，常常使不适应英语思维的人感到困惑，产生错觉，因而难于达到对段落意义的正确理解。略读则可以帮助我们解决这个难点。
略读的方法是首先看一下标题（在标题的情况下）。接着读第一段，抓住中心思想。再浏览一下其他段落的首句和末句。最后读完结尾段，这样就达到了略读的目的。
略读要点一、将不熟悉的困难词语放弃不读，领会句子大意。
略读要点二、阅读中有时会遇到一些较长的句子，可以通过语法结构了解什么是支撑主题的细节描写句，略去细节描写的部分，直接读出其中心含义。
略读要点三、特别注意那些重要的构词和标点符号，因为它们可能会导致重要词汇意义的改变。
通常，略读适用于考查文章主旨或大意的试题。
例：
After a day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day .The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.
There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.
Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream, Scientists who study sleep state say that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands rapid eye movement.
If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!
Question: A good title for this passage is____.
A. sleep
B. good health
C. dreams
D. work and rest
说明：本题属于主旨型试题，答案为A项。全文共分为四段。第一段说明睡眠的重要性；第二段解释睡眠的四个阶段用睡眠中肌肉、心跳各大脑的活动；第三段指出做梦时伴有眼球活动这一现象；第四段告诉我们治疗失眠的办法。这四段一环扣一环，始终没有离开睡眠这一主题，所以A项是正确答案。回答本题时，考生无需逐句地读，只读首句或末句就行了。
（二） 速读
无论是在我们平时的阅读，还是在考试时的阅读，常常需要了解段落的主题或文章的中心思想，还需要掌握一定的细节。这时，我们就得运用另一种阅读技巧，它就是我们这里将讲的迅读。迅读是一种比一般速度高一倍以上的阅读方法，目的是迅速从文中找到所需信息，解决问题。
迅读要领一：首先确定你需要什么事实和细节，并对其形式进行估计。
迅读要领二：在略读中由于对各段落和句子已进行过分析，已大致了解主题和细节，并进行过勾勒，这时就可以考虑确定在什么地方去找自己需要的有关细节或说明。
迅读要领三：尽快用眼睛扫过文章，找到自己需要的细节描述部分，并在有关句子下做出各种记忆符号。文章浏览完毕，再将划线部分（或做其他符号）重新详读一次，并进行适当推理。
通常，迅读法适用于事实、细节型阅读理解试题。
例：
Languages are complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture: they embody the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture; in the words of a poet and philosopher,” As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives”. A culture and its languages are as inseparable as brain and body; while one is a part of the other, neither can function without the other. In learning a foreign language, the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its gestures, its body language. Eye contact is extremely important in English. Direct eye contact leads to understanding, or, as the English maxim has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English until we have learned to look directly into his eyes.
Question: According to this passage, the best way to learn a foreign language is____.
A to read the works of poets and philosophers
B to find a native speaker and look directly into his eyes
C to begin by learning its body language
D to visit a country where English is spoken
说明：本题属于细节型试题，答案为C项。原文中的第四名“In learning a foreign language, the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its gestures, its body language.”，其中“non-verbal”意为“非语言的”。此句大意为：学外语最好由非文字性语言因素开始经，即从学习讲这种语言的人的手势、肢体语言入手。因此“to begin by learning its body language”正好与题意吻合，故应推断C项为正确答案。考生只需运用迅读法，快速找到这句话所在位置，然后根据句意做出正确的判断。
（三） 研读法
除了在阅读理解中运用略读法和读法之外，有时还需要仔细阅读文章的某一特定部分，力求对其有较深的理解，或对其进行归纳、总结、推断等。这时就需要对这部分仔细阅读，以便理解作者言外之意。这种仔细的阅读方法就研读法，通常适用于推断型阅读理解试题。
例：
Very high waves are destructive when they strike the land. Fortunately, this seldom happens. One reason is that out at sea, waves moving in one direction almost always run into waves moving in a different direction. The two sets of waves tend to cancel each other out. Another reason is that water is shallower near the shore. As a wave gets closer to land, the shallow bottom helps reduce its strength.
But the power of waves striking the shore can still be very great. During a winter gale, waves sometimes strike the shore with the force of 6,000 pounds for each square foot. That means a wave, 25 feet high and 500 feet along its face, may strike the shore with a force of 75 million pounds.
Yet the waves, no matter how big or how violent, affect only the surface of the sea. During most raging storms, the water a hundred fathoms(600 feet) beneath the surface is just as calm as on a day without a breath of wind.
Question: From your reading of the paragraph, which of the following is true?
A.At a depth of 1,200 feet the effects of a violent surface storm are frightful.
B.A submarine commander navigating his vessel at a depth of 700 feet will not be affected by a raging surface storm.
C.A typhoon 500 miles out at sea can stir up the ocean bed.
D. If high waves can strike the shore with a horizontal force of 75 million pounds, the vertical force of such waves can have an even greater effect upon the ocean floor.
说明：本题答案为B项。此项为判断题。在本文报后一段，作者表述的意思为：不管海浪多高，多凶猛，它只影响到海面以下有限的深度。即使在最大的风暴中，600英尺以下尝试的水域也会像没有一丝风的白天那样风平浪静。选顼A意为“狂风巨浪会对1200英尺以下的水域造成可怕的影响”；B项意为“一名在水深700英尺以下驾驶潜艇行的指挥员有会受海面上的狂风巨浪的影响”；C项意为“风速每小时500英里的台风能海底的东西掀上来”；D项意为“如果巨浪袭击海岸的力量水平方向为75000000磅，那么它的垂直方向作用在海底的力量比水平方向作用力还要大”。根据最后一段内容，只有B项正确，因为潜艇是在700英尺以下水域航行。A项，C项与B项矛盾，可以排除，D项在短文中没有涉及。正是基于对这部分进行研读，考生才能够得出正确答案。
（四）整体阅读
一篇文章是一个整体。文章作者通过整篇文章的构思、布局、对事物的论证、说明、叙述和描写等方法向读者传授知识和信息。知识和信息是存在于整篇文章之中，而不是存在于孤立的词句之内。在阅读句、段、篇时都应从整体原则出发。这样才能既理解字面含义，又能洞察深层含义；既能看到上下文呼应的语言结构，又能体会到字里行间的潜在含义；既能了解文章的各局部的含义，又能抓住文章的中心思想，从而对整篇文章达到较高层次的理解。
整体阅读有两个层次：
（1） 篇章的阅读。在阅读一篇文章时，应从五个方面驾驭整篇文章，遵循如下的模式：文章的标题；作者；基本内容；事实；文章的特点、争议和批评意见。这样可以避免盲目性和疏忽遗漏。阅读时，可把主要精力放在有用信息上，大大减少处理无用作息的时间，并使信息条理化，以便理解和吸收。
（2） 句、段的阅读。句子是一个整体，段也是一个整体。阅读句子时，如果不太长，要一口气读完。这样不仅读速快，而且有助于理解。当然，英语句子一般比较长，不能一口气读完。这时应以较大的意群为单位进行阅读。所谓意群是指句子中可以分开来看的各个部分，每个部分都有其相对独立的意义。
把句子和段落看成整体并不意味着要把句中所有的词、段落中所有的句子都看得同等重要。一个句子中有些词是关键词，有些词只是结构信号，有些词只表示辅助信息。对前者应注意，对后两者可一扫而过。
例:
If there is any single factor that makes for success in living, it is the ability to profit by defeat. Every success I know has been achieved because the person was able to analyze defeat and actually profit by it in his next undertaking. Confuse defeat with failure, and you are doomed to failure. For it isn't defeat that makes you fail; it is your own refusal to see in defeat the guide and encouragement to success.
Defeats are nothing to be ashamed of. They are routine incidents in the life of every man who achieves success. But defeat is a dead loss unless you do face it without humiliation, analyze it and learn why you fail. Defeat, in other words, can help to cure its own cause. Not only does defeat Prepare us for success, but nothing can arouse within us such a compelling desire to succeed. If you let a baby grasp a rod and try to Pull it away he will cling more and more tightly until his whole weight is suspended. It is this same reaction which should give you new and greater Strength every time you are defeated. If you exploit the power which defeat gives, you can accomplish with it far more than you are capable of.
11 what does the author know?
A He knows at lest several cases o f success.
B He knows every success in life.
C It's not mentioned in the passage.
D He knows every success that has been achieved by man.
通读全文，应该选择A。
【阅读理解】阅读方法实例讲解：免费下载（word文档）
